Incomplete literature list on TUNIC
I will not update this list any more, since databases on the web have taken place the role of the list. However, I think this list would still useful for researchers who are interested in TUNIC, because some literature would not be found in the databases. (2010.12.18)


General
  • Berril, N. J.(1950) In "The Tunicata. Ray Society". London, pp. 7-8.
  • Burighel, P. & Cloney, R. A. (1997)   Urochordata: Ascidiacea. In "Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates" Wiley-Liss.   Vol. 15.
  • Monniot, C., Monniot, F., & Laboute,    P. (1991). In "Coral reef ascidians of NEW Caledonia". ORSTOM, Paris,  pp.  69-78.
  • Welsh, U. (1984) Urochordata. In "Biology    of the integument Vol. I: Invertebrates" Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 800-816.

Chemical Composition
  • De Leo, G., Patricolo, E., & D'Ancona    Lunetta, G. (1977). Studies on the fibrous component of the test of Ciona intestinalis Linnaeus I. Cellulose-like polysaccharide. Acta Zool., 58,  135-141.
    Kim, DY., Nishiyama, Y., Wada, M., Kuga, S . (2001). Graphitization of highly crystalline cellulose . Carbon, 39:1051-1056.
  • Koo, Y-S., Wang, Y-S., You, S-H., Kim, H-D. (2002) Preparation and properties of chemical cellulose from ascidian tunic and their refenerated cellulose fibers. J. Applied Polymer Science, 85: 1634-1643
  • Kimura, S., C. Ohshima, E. Hirose, J.  Nishikawa, T. Itoh. (2001). Cellulose in the house of the Appendicularian,   Oikopleura  rufescens. Protoplasma, 216, 71-74.
  • Hall, D., & Saxl, H. (1961). Studies of human and tunicate cellulose and their relation to reticulin. Proc.Roy.Soc.B, 155, 202-217.
  • Michell, A. J. (1993). Second-derivative FTIR spectra of native celluloses from Valonia and tunicin. Carbohydrate  Research,  241, 45-57.
  • Mourao, P. A. S. (1991). Epimerization   of D-glucose to L-galactose during the biosynthesis of a sulfated L-galactan in  the ascidian tunic. Biochemstry, 30, 3458-3464.
  • Mourao, P. A. S. & Assreuy, A-M.S. (1995) Trehalose as a possible precursor of the sulfated L-galactan in  the  ascidian  tunic. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 3132-3140.
  • Pavao, M. S. G., Lambert, C. C., Lambert, G., & Mourao, P. A. S. (1994a). Comparizon between the sulfated polysaccharides from larval and adult ascidians. J. Experimental Zoology, 269,  89-94.
  • Pavao, M. S. G., Rodrigues, M. A., & Mourao, P. A. S. (1994b). Acidic polysaccharides of the ascidian Styela plicata. Biosynthetic studies on the sulfated L-galactans of the tunic,  and  preliminary characterization of a dermatan sulfate-like polymer  in body tissues. Biochim. Biophys.  Acta, 1199, 229-237. 
  • Smith, M., & Dehnel, P. (1970). The chemical and enyzymatic analyses  of the  tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas). Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 35:17-30.
  • Smith, M., & Dehnel, P. (1971). The  composition of tunic from four species of asidians. Comp.Biochem.Physiol., 40B, 615-622.    
  • Spada F; Steen H; Troedsson C; Kallesoe T; Spriet E; Mann  M; Thompson EM (2001) Molecular patterning of the oikoplastic epithelium of the larvacean tunicate Oikopleura dioica. J. Biol. Chem. 276(23), 20624-20632. 

Morphology
  • D'Ancona, L., G. (1983). Comparative  study  of the tunics of two ascidians: Molgula impura and Styela partita. Acta  Embryol.  Morphol. Exp., 4, 137-149.
  • Daele, Y. V., Revol, J.-F., Gaill, F.,   & Goffinet, G. (1992). Characterization and supramolecular architecture of  the cellulose-protein fibrils in the tunic of the sea peach (Halocynthia papillosa, Ascidiacea, Urochordata). Biol. Cell, 76, 97-96.     
  • Das, S. M. (1936). On the structure and   function of the ascidian test. J. Morphol., 59, 589-601.
  • Endean, R. (1961). The test of the ascidian, Phallusia mammillata. Quart.J.Microsc.Sci., 102, 107-117.
  • Hirose, Eu., Hashimoto, K., Saito, Y.  & Watanabe, H. (1990) Minute protrusions of the cuticle: Fine surface structure  of  the tunic in ascidians.  J. .Morphol., 204, 67-73. 
  • Hirose, Eu., Nishikawa, T., Saito, Y.  & Watanabe, H. (1992)  Minute protrusions of ascidian tunic cuticle : Some implications for ascidian phylogeny.  Zool.  Sci., 9, 397-404.     
  • Hirose, Eu., Lambert, G., Kusakabe, T.,   & Nishikawa, T. (1997) Tunic cuticular protrusions in ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata): A perspective of their character-state distribution. Zool. Sci. 14:  683-689.
  • Hirose E, Ohtake S-I & Azumi K. 2009. Morphological characterization of the tunic in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche), with remarks on "soft tunic syndrome" in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Disease 32:433-445.
  • Kimura, S.,Itoh, T. (1998) A new cellulosic  structure,  the tunic cord in the ascidian Polyandrocarpa misakiensis .  Protoplasma  204: 94-102.
  • Koo, Y-S.; Wang, Y-S.; You, S-H.; Kim, H-D (2002) Preparation and properties of chemical cellulose from ascidian tunic and their refenerated cellulose fibers. J. Applied Polymer Science 85: 1634-1643
  • Okuyama, M., Y. Saito, M. Ogawa, A. Takeuchi, Z. Jing, T. Naganuma, and E. Hirose: Morphological studies on the bathyal ascidian, Megalodicopia hians Oka 1918 (Octacnemidae, Phlebobranchia), with remarks on feeding and tunic morphology. Zoological Science, 19: 1181-1189, 2002.
  • Mishra, A., & Colvin, J. (1969).  The  microscopic and submicroscopic structure of the tunic of two ascidians, Boltenia  and  Molgula. Canad. J. Zool., 47, 659-668.
  • Turon, X. (1987). Morphological study  on  the siphonal spines of the genus Microcosmus from the Spanish Mediteranean shores.   Anales de Biologia, 11, 37-42.
  • Van Daele, Y., Gaill, F., & Goffinet,    G. (1991). Paraboic pattern of a peculiar striated body in the tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia papillosa. J.Structural Biol., 106, 115-124.   

Tunic Formation, Cellulose synthesis
/Adult
  • Deck, J., Hay, E., & Revel, J.-P.  (1966).  Fine structure and origin of the tunic of Perophora viridis. J.Morph., 120,  267-280.   
  • Endean, R. (1953). Discovery of iron  in  tunicin-forming blood cells of an ascidian. Nature, 172, 123.
  • He, X., Kustin, K., ----, & Nakanishi,    K. (1992). In vivo incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into ascidian tunichrome. Experientia, 48, 367-371.
  • Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J., Kimura,    S., Itoh, T. (1998). High resolution electron microscopy on ultrathin sections of cellulose    microfibrils generated by glomerulocytes in Polyzoa vesiculiphora. Protoplasma 203, 84-90.
  • Kalk, M. (1963). Intracellular sites  of  activity in the histogenesis of tunicate vanadocytes. Quart.J.Microsc.Sci., 104, 483-493. 
  • Katow, H., & Watanabe, H. (1978).  Fine  structure and possible role of ampullae on tunic supply and attachment in a compound   ascidian, Botryllus primigenus Oka. J.Ultrastr.Res., 64, 23-34.     
  • Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1995) Evidence    for the role of the glomerulocyte in cellulose synthesis in the tunicate, Metandrocarpa uedai . Protoplasma, 186, 24-33.
  • Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1996) New  cellulose  synthesizing complexes (terminal complexes) involved in animal cellulose  biosynthesis  in the tunicate Metandrocarpa uedai.  Protoplasma, 194,   151-163.
  • Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1997)   Cellulose network of hemocoel in selected compound styelid ascidians  J. Elecctr. Microsc., 46, 327-335.
  • Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (1998)   A new cellulosic structure, the tunic cord in the ascidian Polyandrocarpa misakiensis .  Protoplasma  204, 94-102.
  • Kimura, S. & Itoh, T. (2004)   Cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes in the ascidians.  Cellulose, 11: 377-383.
  • Kennedy, G. (1966). The distribution and nature of iodine compound in ascidians. Gen.Comp.Endocrinol., 7, 500-511.     
  • Matthysse, AG; Deschet, K; Williams, M; Marry, M; White, AR; Smith, WC. (2004) A functional cellulose synthase from ascidian epidermis. PNAS, 101(4), 986-991.
  • Millar, RH. (1951) The stolonic vessels of the Didemnidae. Quart. J.  Microsc. Sci. 92: 249-254.
  • Nakashima, K; Yamada, L; Satou, Y; Azuma, J; Satoh, N. (2004) The evolutionary origin of animal cellulose synthase. DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION., 214(2). 81-88.
  • Robinson, W. E., Kustin, K., & McLeod, G.  C. (1983). Incorporation of[14C] glucose into the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus). J. Exp. Zool., 225, 187-195.
  • Sagane Y, Zech K, Bouquet JM, Schmid M, Bal U & Thompson EM. 2010. Functional specialization of cellulose synthase genes of prokaryotic origin in chordate larvaceans. Development 137:1483-1492.
  • Wardrop, A. (1970). The structure and  formation  of the test of Pyura stolonifera (Tunicata). Protoplasma, 70, 73-86.     
  • Wright, R. K. (1981) Urochordate. In  "Invertebrate  blood cells II". Acad. Press, NY, pp 565-626.
  • Zaniolo, G., & Trentin, P. (1987).   Regeneration of the tunic in the colonial ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri. Acta  Embryol.Morphol., 8, 173-180.

/ Larva
  • Bates, W. R. (1994). Ecological consequences    of altering the timing mechanism for metamorphosis in anural ascidians. Amer.   Zool., 34, 333-342
  • Berking, S., & Herrmann, K. (1990).   Dicapryloylglycerol and ammonium ions induce metamorphosis of ascidian larvae.   Roux'Arch, 198, 430-432.
  • Cavalcante, MCM., Mourao, PAS.,  Pavao,  MSG. (1999). Isolation and characterization of a highly sulfated heparan sulfate from ascidian test cell. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1428, 77-87.
  • Cloney, R., & Cavey, M. (1982). Ascidian   larval tunic: extraembryonic structures influence morphogenesis.  Cell  Tissue Res., 222, 547-562.
  • Gianguzza, M., & Dolcemascolo, G.  (1988).  Further ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of test formation in the  swimming  larva of Ciona intestinalis. Acta Embryol. Morphol., 9, 75-84.
  • Lübering, B., Nishikata, T., & Goffinet,   G. (1992a). Intial stages of tunic morphogenesis in the ascidian Halocynthia:  a fine structural study. Tissue and Cell, 24, 121-130.
  • L übering, G., Niermann-Kerkenberg, E.,   & Hofmann, D. (1992b). Test cells of Ascidiella aspersa : Adhesion and migration   behavior during embryogenesis. Inverteb. Reproduc. Dev., 21, 241-252.
  • L übering-Sommer, B., Com俊e, P., & Goffinet,  G. (1996a). Cytochemical investigations on tunic morphogenesis  in  the sea peach Halocynthia papillosa (Tunicata ascidiacea). 1: Demostration   of polysaccharides. Tissue and Cell, 28, 621-630
  • L übering-Sommer, B., Com俊e, P., & Goffinet,  G. (1996a). Cytochemical investigations on tunic morphogenesis  in  the sea peach Halocynthia papillosa (Tunicata ascidiacea). 2: Demostration of proteins. Tissue and Cell, 28, 651-661.
  • Okada, T. et al. (1996). Secretory function   of the test cell in larval tunic formation in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis: An immunoelectron microscopic study.  Zool. Sci.,13, 253-262.
  • Robinson, W., ----., & Cloney, R.  (1981).  The influence of tunichrome and other reducing compounds on tunic and fin formation in embryonic Ascidia callosa Stimpson. J.Exp.Zool., 237, 63-72.
  • Sato, Y., Terakado, K., Morisawa, M. (1997). Test  cell  migration and tunic formation during post-hatching development of the  larva  of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis . Develop. Growth Differ.  39,  117-126
  • Takamura, K. et al. (1996) Immunohistology    with antibodies specific to test cells in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis suggests their role in larval tunic formation.  Zool. Sci., 13, 241-252
  • Terakado, K. (1970). Tunic formation  in  the larva of an ascidian, Perophora orientalis. Sci.Rep.Saitama Univ.B, 5, 183-.    
  • Ueki, T., & Satoh, N. (1994). An  ascidian  homolog of SEC61 is expressed predominantly in epidermal cells of the  embryo.  Dev. Biol., 165, 185-192.

Tunic Cells and Their Functions
  • Aoki, M., Hashimoto, K., & Watanabe,    H. (1989). The intrinsic origin of bioluminescence in the ascidian, Claverina miniata. Biol. Bull., 176, 57-62.
  • Chiba, K., Hoshi, M., Isobe, M. & Hirose,   Eu. (1998) Bioluminescence in the tunic of the colonial ascidian, Clavelina miniata:   Identification of luminous cell in vitro.  J. Exp. Zoo. 281:  546-553.  
  • De Leo, G., Patricolo, E., & Frittita,    G. (1981). Fine structure of the tunic of Ciona intestinalis L. II. Tunic morphology, cell distrubution and their functional importance. Acta  Zool.,  62, 259-271.
  • Di Bella, M. A., Cassara, G., Russo, D., De  Leo,  G. (1998) Cellular  components and tunic architecture of the solitary  ascidian  Styela canopus   (Stolidobranchiata, Styelidae). Tissue   & Cell, 30: 352-359.
  • Di Bella MA, Carbone MC, De Leo G. (2005) Aspects of cell production in mantle tissue of Ciona intestinalis L. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Micron 36: 477-481
  • Hirano, T., Nishida, H. (1997) Developmental fates of larval  tissues after metamorphosis in ascidian Halocynthia roretzi . Dev. Biol. 192: 199-210.
  • Hirose, Eu,  Saito, Y.  &Watanabe,   H. (1991). Tunic cell morphology  and classification in botryllid ascidians. Zool. Sci., 8, 951-958.
  • Hirose, Eu. & Mukai, H. (1992).  An ultrastructural study on the origin of glomerulocytes, a type of blood cell in  a  styelid ascidian, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. J.  Morphol., 211,  269-273.
  • Hirose, Eu., Ishii, T., Saito, Y.  & Taneda, Y. (1994) Phagocytic activity of tunic cells in the colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii (Polyclinidae, Aplousobranchia).  Zool. Sci.  11,  203-208.
  • Hirose, Eu., Ishii, T., Saito, Y.  & Taneda, Y. (1994) Seven types of tunic cells in the colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii (Polyclinidae, Aplousobranchia): Morphology, classification, and  possible  functions. Zool. Sci., 11, 737-743.
  • Hirose, Eu., Aoki, M. & Chiba, K.  (1996)  Fine structures of tunic cells and distribution of bacteria in the tunic of  the  luminescent ascidian Clavelina miniata (Ascidiacea, Urochordata).  Zool. Sci., 13: 519-523.
  • Hirose, Eu. (2001) Acid containers and cellular networks  in  the ascidian tunic with special remarks on ascidian phylogeny. Zool. Sci., 18: 723-731
  • Hirose, Eu., Ohshima, C., Nishikawa, J. (2001) Tunic cells  in pyrosomes (Thaliacea, Urochordata): cell morphology, distribution and motility. Invertebrate Biology 120, 386-393
  • Ishii, T., and E. Hirose. (2003) Fate of  tunic phagocytes in the colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii.  Memoirs of the Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University (Natural Science), 58: 37-41.
  • Hirose E. 2009. Ascidian tunic cells: morphology and functional diversity of free cells outside the epidermis. Invertebrate Biology 128:83-96.
  • Izzard, C. (1974). Contractile filopodia and in vivo   cell movement in the tunic of the ascidian, Botryllus schlossseri. J.Cell Sci., 15,
    513-535.
  • Mackie, G., & Singla, C. (1987).  Impulse  propagation and contraction in the tunic of a compound ascidian. Biol.   Bull., 173, 188-204.
  • Mancuso, V. (1983). Cell types in the  tunic  of metamorphosing Ciona embryo: large single vacuole cells. Acta Embryol.Morphol.,    4, 119-126.
  • Mancuso, V. (1986). Type B cells in metamorphosing   Ciona intestinalis embryos. Acta Embryol.Morphol., 7, 27-33.
  • Mukai, H. (1994). The occurrence of glomerulocytes in the compound ascidians Metandrocarpa and Polyzoa. Sci. Rep. Fac. Educ. Gunma Univ., 42, 89-96.
  • Okuyama M, Saito Y, Ogawa M, Takeuchi A, Jing Z, Naganuma T, Hirose Eu (2002) Morphological studies on the bathyal ascidian, Megalodicopia hians Oka 1918 (Octacnemidae, Phlebobranchia), with remarks on feeding and tunic morphology.Zoological Science, 19: 1181-1189.
  • Rottmayr, E-B., Steffanm B., Wanner, G. (2001) Pigmentation and tunic cells in Cystodytes dellechiajei (Urochordata, Ascidiacea). Zoomorphology , 120: 159-170
  • Seleghim MHR,  de Lira SP, Campana PT, Berlinck RGS, Custódio MR (2007) Localization of granulatimide alkaloids in the tissues of the ascidian Didemnum granulatum. Marine Biology 150: 967-975
  • Smith, M. (1970a). The blood cells and   tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas) 1. Haematology, tunic morphology and partition of cells between blood and tunic. Biol.  Bull.,  138, 354-378
  • Smith, M. (1970b). The blood cells and   tunic of the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas) 2. Histochemistry of the blood cells and tunic. Biol. Bull., 138, 379-388
  • Scott, S. F. M. (1956). The developmental history of Amaroucium constellatum . III. metamorphosis. Biol. Bull., 103,   226-241
  • Zaniolo, G. (1981). Histology of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri tunic: in particular, the test cells. Boll.Zool.,  48,  169-178.

/Tunic Vesicle
  • Grave, C. (1920). The origin , function   and fate of the test-vesicles of Amaroucium constellatum. Anat. Rec., 17,   350.
  • Grave, C. (1921). Amaroucium constellatum  (Verrill)  II. the structure and organization of the tadpole larva. J.  Morphol., 36(1), 71-101.
  • Oka, H. (1943). Metamorphosis of Polycitor mutabilis (Ascidiae compositae). Annot. Zool. Jpn., 22, 54-58. 
  • Oka, H. & Usui, M. (1944). On the  growth  and propagation of the colonies in Polycitor mutabilis (Ascidiae compositae).  Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, 103B, 23-53.

Spicules
  • Aizenberg, J., Lambert, G., Weiner, S., and Addadi, L. (2002) Factors involved in the formation of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate: A study of an ascidian skeleton. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 124, 32-39.
  • Hirose M, Tochikubo T & Hirose E. 2010. Taxonomic significance of tunic spicules in photosymbiotic ascidians: a quantitative and molecular evaluation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:1065-1071.
  • Lambert, G. (1979). Early post-metamorphic  growth, budding and spicule formation in the compound ascidian Cystodytes lobatus. Biol. Bull., 157, 464-477.
  • Lambert, G., & Lambert, C. C. (1987).   Spicule formation in the solitary ascidian, Herdmania momus. J. Morph., 192, 145-159. 
  • Lambert, G., & Lambert, C. C. (1997).   Extracellular formation of body and tunic spicules in the New Zealand solitary   ascidian Pyura pachydermatina (Urochordata, Ascidiacea).  Acta   Zoologica, 78, 51-60.
  • Lowenstam, H., & Abobott, D. (1975).    Vaterite: A mineralization product of the hard tissues of Marine organism (Ascidiacea). Science, 188, 363-365.
  • Turon, X. (1986). On the morphology of  the spicules of the dideminid (Ascidiacea) species from the of Catalonia and Balearic Island. Microsc. Zool., 10, 213-222.

Reproduction
  • Burighel, P., Martinucci, G. B., & Zaniolo, G. (1986). Ovulation in the ovoviviparpus ascidian, Diplosoma listerianum.  Acta  Embryol. Morphol. Exper., 7, 102-103.
  • Burighel, P., Martinucci, G., & Zaniolo,   G. (1987). Tissue repair during egg segregation in tunic of the compound ascidian Diplosoma listerianum . Acta Embryol. Morphol. Exper., 8(2-3),   333-340.
  • Nakauchi, M. (1970). A sexual reproduction in Amaroucium yamazii (a colonial ascidian). Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab.,  17(5),  309-328.
  • Nakauchi, M., & Kawamura, K. (1974a).    Behavior of buds during common cloacal system formation in the ascidian, Aplidium  multiplicatum .  Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Stn., 21, 19-27.
  • Nakauchi, M., & Kawamura, K. (1974b).    Experimental analysis of the behavior of buds in the ascidian, Aplidium multiplicatum. I. Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Stn., 21, 29-38.
  • Nakauchi, M., & Kawamura, K. (1978).    Additional experiments on the behavior of buds in the ascidian, Aplidium multiplicatum. Biol. Bull., 154, 453-462.

Defense
  • Bryan, PJ; McClintock, JB; Slatery, M; Ristochof, DP. (2003) A comparative study of the non-acidic chemically mediated antifoulant properties of three sympatric species of ascidians associated with seagrass habitats. Biofouling. 19(4), 235-245
  • Dionisio-Sese, M. L., Ishikura, M., Maruyama,   T., & Miyachi, S. (1997). UV-absorbing substances in the tunic of a colonial  ascidian  protect its symbiont, Prochloron sp., from damage by UV-B radiation. Mar. Biol., 128, 455-461.
  • Di Bella, M. A., De Leo, G. (2000).   Hemocyte migration during inflammatory-like reaction of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata,   Ascidiacea). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 76, 105-111.
  • Hirabayashi S, Kasai F, Watanabe MM, Hirose E  (2006) Contents of ultraviolet-absorbing substances in two color morphs of the photosymbiotic ascidian Didemnum molle. Hydrobiologia, 571 (1): 419-422                 
  • Hirose, Eu,  Saito, Y. & Watanabe,   H. (1995). Regeneration of the tunic cuticle in the compound ascidian,  Botrylloides simodensis . Dev.  Comp. Immunol., 19, 143-151.
  • Hirose, Eu, Taneda, Y., & Ishii,  T.  (1997) Two modes of tunic cuticle formation in a colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii,  responding  to wounding. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 21: 25-34.
  • Hirose, Eu., H. Yamashiro, Y. Mori.   (2001) Properties of tunic acid in the ascidian Phallusia nigra (Ascidiidae, Phlebobranchia). Zool. Sci., 18, 309-314.
  • Hirose, E., K. Ohtsuka, M. Ishikura, and T. Maruyama. (2004) Ultraviolet absorption in ascidian tunic and ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84: 789-794.
  • Hirose E, Hirabayashi S, Hori K, Kasai F, Watanabe MM 2006. UV protection in the photosymbiotic ascidian Didemnum molle inhabiting different depths. Zoological Science, 23:57-63.
  • Holmstrom, C., Egan, S., Franks, A., McCloy, S., Kjelleberg, S (2002) Antifouling activities expressed by marine surface associated Pseudoalteromonas species. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY 41: 47-58.
  • Lee AHF, Chan AC, Li T (2002) Acid-accelerated DNA-cleaving activities of antitumor antibiotic varacin. Chem. Commun. 18, 2112-2113.
  • Lopez-Legentil S, Dieckmann R, Bontemps-Sublelos N, Turon X, Banaigs B (2005) Qualitative variation of alkaloids in color morphs of Cystodytes (Ascidiacea) . BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY 33 (11): 1107-1119
  • Maruyama, T., E. Hirose, and M. Ishikura (2003) Ultraviolet light absorbing tunic cells in didemnid ascidians hosting a symbiotic photo-oxygenic prokaryote, Prochloron. Biological Bulletin, 204: 109–113, 2003.
  • Müler, W. E. G., Pancer, Z. & Rinkevich,   B. (1994)  Molecular cloning and localization of a novel serine protease   from the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri.  Mol. Mar. Biol.   Biotechnol. 3(2), 70-77.
  • Parrinello, N., De Leo, G., & Di,  B.,  MA. (1990). Fine structural observations of the granulocytes involved in the tunic inflammatory-like reaction of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata). J.Inverteb.Pathol., 56, 181-189.
  • Parrinello, N., & Patricolo, E. (1984).   Inflamatory-like  reaction in the tunic of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata) 2. capsul component. Biol. Bull., 167, 238-250.
  • Parrinello, N., Patricolo, E., & Canicatti,  C. (1984). Inflamatory-like reaction in the tunic of Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata) 1. Encapsulation and tissue injury. Biol. Bull., 167,  238-250.
  • Parrinello, N., Patricolo, E., & Canicatti,  G. (1977). Tunicate immunology. I. Tunic reaction of Ciona intestinalis L. to erythrocyte injection. Boll. Zool., 44, 373-381.
  • Parry, D. L. (1984). Chemical properties of the test of ascidians in relation to predation.  Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.   17, 279-282.
  • Pisut, DP; Pawlik, JR (2000) Anti-predatory chemical defenses of ascidians: secondary metabolites or inorganic acids? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, 270(2): 203-214.
  • Stoecker, D. (1978). Resistance of a  tunicate  to fouling. Biol. Bull., 155, 615-626.
  • Stoecker, D. (1980a). Chemical defences   of ascidians against predators. Ecology, 61, 1327-1334.
  • Stoecker, D. (1980b). Distribution of  ascid  and vanadium in Rhopalaea birkelandi Tokioka. J.exp.mar.Biol.Ecol.,   48, 277-281.
  • Stoecker, D. (1980c). Relationships between   chemical difence and ecology in benthic ascidians. Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser.,  3,  257-265.
  • Young, C. M. (1986). Defence and refuges: alternative mechanisms of coexistence between a predatory gastropod and its ascidian prey. Mar. Biol., 91, 513-522.
  • Tarjuelo, I., Lopez-Legentil, S., Codina, M., Turon, X. (2002) Defence mechanisms of adults and larvae of colonial ascidians: patters of palatability and toxicity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser., 235: 103-115.

Allorecognition and Rejection in Tunic
  • Hirose, Eu., Saito Y., & Watanabe,   H. (1988). A new type of the manifestation of colony specificity in the compound   ascidian,  Botrylloides violaceus Oka. Biol. Bull., 175, 240-245.
  • Hirose, Eu., Saito Y., & Watanabe,   H. (1990) Allogeneic rejection induced by the cut surface contact in the compound  ascidian,  Botrylloides simodensis.  Inverteb. Develop.  Reproduc.,  17, 159-164.
  • Hirose, Eu,  Saito, Y.  &Watanabe,   H. (1994). A "surgical fusion" between incompatible colonies of the ascidian, Botrylloides fuscus . Dev.  Comp. Immunol., 18, 287-294.
  • Hirose, E., Saito, Y. and Watanabe, H.  (1997) Subcuticular rejection: an advanced mode of the allogeneic rejection in the compound ascidians Botrylloides simodensis  and  B. fuscus. Biol. Bull. 192:53-61.
  • Hirose E, M Shirae, Y Saito (2002)Colony specificity in the xenogeneic combinations among four Botrylloides species (Urochordata, Ascidiacea). Zoological Science, 19: 747-753.
  • Hirose, E. (2003) Colonial allorecognition, hemolytic rejection, and viviparity in botryllid ascidians. Zoological Science, 20: 387-394.
  • Ishii T, Hirose E & Taneda Y. 2008. Tunic phagocytes are involved in allorejection reaction in the colonial tunicate Aplidium yamazii (Polyclinidae, Ascidiacea). Biological Bulletin 214:145-152.
  • Kingsley, E., Briscoe, D., & Raftos,    D. (1989). Correlation of histocompatibility reactions with fusion between conspecifics in the solitary urochordate Styella plicata. Biol.  Bull.,  176, 282-289.
  • Milanesi, C., ----., & Sabbadin,  A.  (1978). The structure and the fate of the test cuticle during the fusion-nonfusion   reaction in colonies of Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata). Boll.Zool., 45, 83-86.
  • Okuyama M, Y Saito, E Hirose (2002) Fusion between incompatible colonies of a viviparous ascidian, Botrylloides lentus . Invertebrate Biology, 121(2): 163-169.
  • Raftos, D., Tait, N., & Briscoe,  D.  (1987a). Cellular basis of allograft rejection in the solitary urochordate,   Styella  plicata. Devel.Comp.Immunol., 11, 713-725.
  • Raftos, D., Tait, N., & Briscore, D. (1987b). Allograft rejection and alloimmune memory in the solitaryurochordate, Styella plicata . Devel.Comp.Immunol., 11, 343-351.
  • Raftos, D., Briscoe, D., & Tait,  N.  (1988). The mode of recognition of allogeneic tissue in the solitary urochordate   Styella  plicata. Transplantation, 45, 1123-1126.
  • Raftos, D., & Briscoe, D. (1990).  Genetic  basis of histocompatibility in the solitary urochordate   Styella   plicata. J.Heredity, 81, 96-100.
  • Raftos, D. (1991). Cellular restriction   of histocompatibility responses in the solitary urochordate, Styella  plicata. Devel.Comp. Immunol., 15, 93-98.
  • Shirae M, L Ballarin, A Frizzo, Y Saito, E Hirose: Involvement of quinones and phenoloxidase in the allorejection reaction in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides simodensis: Histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Marine Biology,141(4): 659-665.


Algal symbiosis
  • De Leo, G., & Patricolo, E. (1980).   Blue-green algalike cells associated with the tunic of Ciona intestinalis L.  Cell  Tissue Res., 212, 91-98.
  • Hirose, Eu., Maruyama, T, Cheng, L.,  & Lewin, R. A. (1996) Intracellular symbiosis of a photosynthetic prokaryote,    Prochloron sp., in a colonial ascidian.  Invertebr.Biol., 115:   343-348.
  • Hirose, Eu., Maruyama, T, Cheng,   L., & Lewin, R. A. (1998) Intra- and extra-cellular distribution of photosynthetic prokaryotes,   Prochloron sp., in a colonial ascidian: ultrastractural and quantitative   studies. Symbiosis, 25: 301-310.
  • Hirose, E.(2000) Plant rake and algal pouch of the larvae in the tropical ascidian Diplosoma similis: an adaptation for vertical transmission of photosynthetic symbionts Prochloron. Zoological Science, 17:233-240
  • Hirose, E., A. T. Oka, M. Akahori (2005)  Sexual reproduction of the photosymbiotic ascidian Diplosoma virens in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: vertical transmission, seasonal change, and possible impact of parasitic copepods. Marine Biology, 146: 677-682
  • Hirose, E. and T. Maruyama. (2004) What are the benefits in the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis? Endocytobiosis and Cell Research, 15: 51-62, 2004
  • Hirose E, Adachi R, Kuze K 2006. Sexual reproduction of the Prochloron-bearing ascidians, Trididemnum cyclops and Lissoclinum bistratum, in subtropical waters: seasonality and vertical transmission of photosymbionts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86: 175-179
  • Hirose E, Hirose M, Neilan BA (2006) Localization of symbiotic cyanobacteria in the colonial ascidian Trididemnum miniatum (Didemnidae, Ascidiacea). Zoological Science, 23:435-442, 2006
  • Hirose E, Fukuda T (2006) Vertical transmission of photosymbionts in the colonial ascidian Didemnum molle: the larval tunic prevents symbionts from attaching to the anterior part of larvae. Zoological Science, 23: 669-674.
  • Hirose E, Hirose M (2007) Morphological process of vertical transmission of photosymbionts in the colonial ascidian Trididemnum miniatum Kott, 1977. Marine Biology, 150(3): 359-367
  • Hirose E & Nakabayashi S. 2008. Algal symbionts in the tunic lamellae on the posterior half of thelarval trunk of the colonial ascidian Lissoclinum timorense (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae). Zoological Science 25:1205-1211.
  • Hirose E, Uchida H & Murakami A. 2009. Ultrastructural and microspectrophotometric characterisation of multiple species of cyanobacterial photosymbionts coexisting in the colonial ascidian Trididemnum clinides (Tunicata, Ascidiacea, Didemnidae). European Journal of Phycology 44:365-375.
  • Lewin, R. (1976). Prochlorophyta as a  proposed  new dividion of algae. Nature, 261, 697-698.
  • Lambert, G., Lambert, R., & Waaland,    J. R. (1996) Algal symbionts in the tunic of six New Zwaland ascidians (Chordata,    Ascidiacea). Invertebr. Biol., 115, 67-78
  • Yokobori S, Kurabayashi A, Neilan BA, Maruyama T, Hirose E (2006) Multiple origins of the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis: Molecular phylogeny of photosymbiotic and nonsymbiotic colonial ascidians inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40: 8-19

Bacteria
  • Flood, PR. (1991) Yellow-stained oikopleurid appendicularians are caused by bacterial pparasitism. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 71: 291-295
  • Groepler, W & Schuett, C. (2003) Bacterial community in the tunic matrix of a colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans. HELGOLAND MARINE RESEARCH, 57(2), 139-143.
  • Hirose , E., and Y. Saito. (1992) Threadlike bacteria in the tunic of a botryllid ascidian. (Note). The Hiyoshi Review of Natural Science. 12 : 108-110
  • Holmstrom, C; Egan, S; Franks, A; McCloy, S; Kjelleberg, S (2002) Antifouling activities expressed by marine surface associated Pseudoalteromonas species. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, 41(1): 47-58
  • Kim D, Baik KS, Park SC, Kim SJ, Shin TS, Jung SJ, Oh MJ & Seong CN. 2009. Cellulase production from Pseudoalteromonas sp NO3 isolated from the sea squirt Halocynthia rorentzi. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 36:1375-1382.
  • Schuett, C., Doepke, H., Groepler, W., Wichels, A. (2005) Diversity of intratunical bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonialascidian Diplosoma migrans. Helgol. Mar. Res. 59: 136-140.
  • Wahl, M (1995) Bacterial epibionts on Bahamian and Pacific ascidians.J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 191. 239-255.

Other fields
  • Edlund, A. F. & Koehl, M. A.  R. (1998) Adhesion and reattachment of compound ascidians to various substrata: weak glue  can  prevent tissue damage.  J. Exp. Biol., 201: 2397-2402.
  • Hirose, Eu., (2000). Diet  of  a notodelphyid copepod inhabiting in an algal-bearing didemnid ascidian Diplosoma virens. Zool. Sci., 17, 833ﾐ838.
  • Hirose, E., Aoki, M. N., Nishikawa J. (2005) Still alive? Fine structure of the barrels made by Phronima (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (6): 1435-1439.
  • Kitamura SI, Ohtake SI, Song JY, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Choi BD, Azumi K & Hirose E. 2010. Tunic morphology and viral surveillance in diseased Korean ascidians: soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche), in aquaculture. J. Fish Dis. 33:153-160.
  • Kumagai A, Suto A, Ito H, Tanabe T, Takahashi K, Kamaishi T & Miwa S. 2010. Mass mortality of cultured ascidians Halocynthia roretzi associated with softening of the tunic and flagellate-like cells. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 90:229-240.
  • Kuze K & Hirose E. 2009. Unknown gastropod laid eggs in the ascidian tunic from underside of the colony in Trididemnum cyclops. (Short Report). The Biological Magazine Okinawa 47:25–28.